476 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
476 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: curl 命令完全指南
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date: 2026-03-27 10:10:35
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tags:
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- curl
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- Linux
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- Windows
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- API测试
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---
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## 简介
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curl (Client for URLs) 是一个强大的命令行工具，用于传输数据。它支持多种协议（HTTP、HTTPS、FTP等），是开发者和运维人员必备的工具之一。
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## 安装
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### Linux
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大多数 Linux 发行版已预装 curl：
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```bash
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# Debian/Ubuntu
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sudo apt install curl
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# CentOS/RHEL
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sudo yum install curl
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# Arch Linux
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sudo pacman -S curl
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# 验证安装
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curl --version
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```
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### Windows
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**方式一：Windows 10/11 自带**
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Windows 10 1803+ 和 Windows 11 已内置 curl。
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**方式二：手动安装**
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1. 访问 https://curl.se/windows/ 下载
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2. 解压到 `C:\tools\curl`
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3. 添加到系统 PATH 环境变量
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**方式三：使用包管理器**
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```powershell
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# winget
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winget install curl
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# Chocolatey
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choco install curl
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# Scoop
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scoop install curl
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```
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## 基础用法
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### GET 请求
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```bash
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# 基本 GET 请求
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curl https://api.example.com/users
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# 带查询参数
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curl "https://api.example.com/users?page=1&limit=10"
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# 只显示响应头
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curl -I https://api.example.com
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# 显示响应头和响应体
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curl -i https://api.example.com
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# 跟随重定向
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curl -L https://example.com/redirect
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```
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### POST 请求
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```bash
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# 发送 JSON 数据（请求体）
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '{"name": "张三", "email": "zhangsan@example.com"}'
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# 发送表单数据
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/login \
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-d "username=admin&password=123456"
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# 发送文件
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/upload \
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-F "file=@/path/to/file.jpg"
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# 发送多部分表单（文件+字段）
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/upload \
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-F "file=@/path/to/file.jpg" \
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-F "name=张三" \
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-F "description=用户头像"
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```
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### PUT / PATCH / DELETE 请求
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```bash
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# PUT 请求（完整更新）
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curl -X PUT https://api.example.com/users/1 \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '{"name": "李四", "email": "lisi@example.com"}'
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# PATCH 请求（部分更新）
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curl -X PATCH https://api.example.com/users/1 \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '{"name": "李四"}'
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# DELETE 请求
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curl -X DELETE https://api.example.com/users/1
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```
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## 常用选项详解
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| 选项 | 说明 | 示例 |
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|------|------|------|
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| `-X` | 指定请求方法 | `-X POST` |
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| `-H` | 添加请求头 | `-H "Authorization: Bearer token"` |
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| `-d` | 发送数据 | `-d '{"key":"value"}'` |
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| `-F` | 上传文件/表单 | `-F "file=@photo.jpg"` |
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| `-u` | 基础认证 | `-u user:pass` |
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| `-I` | 只获取响应头 | `curl -I url` |
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| `-i` | 显示响应头和内容 | `curl -i url` |
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| `-L` | 跟随重定向 | `curl -L url` |
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| `-o` | 保存到文件 | `-o output.json` |
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| `-O` | 使用远程文件名保存 | `-O` |
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| `-s` | 静默模式 | `-s` |
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| `-v` | 显示详细信息 | `-v` |
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| `-k` | 忽略 SSL 证书验证 | `-k` |
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| `-x` | 使用代理 | `-x http://proxy:8080` |
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| `--connect-timeout` | 连接超时（秒） | `--connect-timeout 10` |
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| `-m` | 最大请求时间（秒） | `-m 30` |
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## 替代 Postman 的完整方案
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### 1. 认证请求
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```bash
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# Bearer Token 认证
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curl -H "Authorization: Bearer your_token_here" \
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https://api.example.com/data
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# Basic Auth 认证
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curl -u "username:password" \
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https://api.example.com/data
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# API Key 认证（Header 方式）
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curl -H "X-API-Key: your_api_key" \
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https://api.example.com/data
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# API Key 认证（Query 参数方式）
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curl "https://api.example.com/data?api_key=your_api_key"
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```
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### 2. 处理 Cookie
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```bash
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# 保存 Cookie 到文件
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curl -c cookies.txt https://api.example.com/login \
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-d "username=admin&password=123456"
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# 使用已保存的 Cookie
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curl -b cookies.txt https://api.example.com/profile
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# 同时读写 Cookie
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curl -b cookies.txt -c cookies.txt https://api.example.com/action
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# 直接设置 Cookie
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curl -H "Cookie: session=abc123; token=xyz789" \
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https://api.example.com/data
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```
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### 3. 美化 JSON 输出
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```bash
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# 使用 jq 美化（Linux/macOS）
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curl -s https://api.example.com/users | jq
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# 使用 Python 美化（跨平台）
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curl -s https://api.example.com/users | python -m json.tool
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# Windows PowerShell 方式
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curl -s https://api.example.com/users | ConvertFrom-Json | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 10
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```
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### 4. 保存请求集合
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创建一个 `api-requests.sh` 文件：
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```bash
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#!/bin/bash
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# API 请求集合 - 类似 Postman Collection
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BASE_URL="https://api.example.com"
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TOKEN="your_token_here"
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# 获取用户列表
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get_users() {
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curl -s "$BASE_URL/users" \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json"
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}
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# 创建用户
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create_user() {
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curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/users" \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '{"name": "张三", "email": "zhangsan@example.com"}'
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}
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# 获取单个用户
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get_user() {
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local id=$1
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curl -s "$BASE_URL/users/$id" \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
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}
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# 调用示例
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case "$1" in
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users) get_users | jq ;;
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create) create_user | jq ;;
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user) get_user "$2" | jq ;;
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*) echo "用法: $0 {users|create|user <id>}" ;;
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esac
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```
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使用方式：
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```bash
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chmod +x api-requests.sh
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./api-requests.sh users
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./api-requests.sh create
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./api-requests.sh user 1
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```
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### 5. 环境变量配置
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```bash
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# 创建 .env 文件（添加到 .gitignore）
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# .env
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API_BASE_URL=https://api.example.com
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API_TOKEN=your_token_here
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# 在脚本中使用
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source .env
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curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_TOKEN" \
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"$API_BASE_URL/users"
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```
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### 6. 环境切换
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创建多环境配置：
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```bash
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# environments.sh
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get_env() {
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case "$1" in
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dev)
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BASE_URL="https://dev-api.example.com"
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TOKEN="$DEV_TOKEN"
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;;
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staging)
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BASE_URL="https://staging-api.example.com"
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TOKEN="$STAGING_TOKEN"
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;;
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prod)
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BASE_URL="https://api.example.com"
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TOKEN="$PROD_TOKEN"
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;;
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*)
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echo "未知环境: $1"
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exit 1
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;;
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esac
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}
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# 使用
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source environments.sh
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get_env dev
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curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$BASE_URL/users"
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```
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### 7. 测试脚本示例
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```bash
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#!/bin/bash
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# API 测试脚本
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BASE_URL="https://api.example.com"
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TOKEN="test_token"
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echo "=== 测试用户 API ==="
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# 测试获取用户
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echo "1. GET /users"
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response=$(curl -s -w "\n%{http_code}" "$BASE_URL/users" \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN")
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http_code=$(echo "$response" | tail -n1)
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body=$(echo "$response" | head -n -1)
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if [ "$http_code" -eq 200 ]; then
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echo "✅ 成功 (HTTP $http_code)"
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echo "$body" | jq
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else
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echo "❌ 失败 (HTTP $http_code)"
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echo "$body"
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fi
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# 测试创建用户
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echo -e "\n2. POST /users"
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response=$(curl -s -w "\n%{http_code}" -X POST "$BASE_URL/users" \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '{"name": "测试用户"}')
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http_code=$(echo "$response" | tail -n1)
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body=$(echo "$response" | head -n -1)
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if [ "$http_code" -eq 201 ]; then
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echo "✅ 成功 (HTTP $http_code)"
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else
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echo "❌ 失败 (HTTP $http_code)"
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fi
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```
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## Windows 特殊处理
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### PowerShell 中的引号问题
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PowerShell 对单引号和双引号有特殊处理，推荐以下方式：
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```powershell
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# 方式一：使用双引号，内部双引号用反引号转义
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users `
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" `
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-d "{`"name`": `"张三`"}"
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# 方式二：使用单引号包裹 JSON（推荐）
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users `
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" `
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-d '{"name": "张三"}'
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# 方式三：从文件读取数据
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users `
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" `
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-d "@request.json"
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```
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### Windows CMD 中的处理
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```cmd
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# 使用双引号，内部双引号用反斜杠转义
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users ^
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" ^
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-d "{\"name\": \"张三\"}"
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# 或使用文件
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users ^
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" ^
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-d "@request.json"
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```
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### 创建 request.json 文件
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对于复杂的请求体，推荐使用文件：
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```json
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{
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"name": "张三",
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"email": "zhangsan@example.com",
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"roles": ["admin", "user"],
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"settings": {
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"theme": "dark",
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"language": "zh-CN"
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}
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}
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```
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```bash
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curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d @request.json
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```
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## 实用技巧
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### 1. 测量请求时间
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```bash
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curl -w "DNS: %{time_namelookup}s\nConnect: %{time_connect}s\nTTFB: %{time_starttransfer}s\nTotal: %{time_total}s\n" \
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-o /dev/null -s https://api.example.com
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```
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### 2. 下载文件并显示进度
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```bash
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curl -O --progress-bar https://example.com/large-file.zip
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```
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### 3. 断点续传
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```bash
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curl -C - -O https://example.com/large-file.zip
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```
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### 4. 限速下载
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```bash
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# 限制为 1MB/s
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curl --limit-rate 1M -O https://example.com/file.zip
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```
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### 5. 批量下载
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```bash
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# 下载多个文件
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curl -O https://example.com/file1.zip -O https://example.com/file2.zip
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# 使用序列
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curl -O https://example.com/file[1-10].jpg
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# 使用字母序列
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curl -O https://example.com/file[a-z].jpg
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```
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### 6. 调试请求
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```bash
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# 显示完整请求/响应信息
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curl -v https://api.example.com
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# 输出详细信息到文件
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curl --trace-ascii debug.txt https://api.example.com
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```
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## curl vs Postman 对比
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| 功能 | curl | Postman |
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|------|------|---------|
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| 安装 | 系统内置/轻量 | 需下载安装 |
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| 脚本化 | ✅ 原生支持 | ❌ 需导出 |
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| 自动化 | ✅ 易于集成 CI/CD | 需 Newman |
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| 资源占用 | 极低 | 较高 |
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| 可视化 | ❌ 无 | ✅ 有 |
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| 学习曲线 | 较陡 | 平缓 |
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| 环境管理 | 手动配置 | 图形界面 |
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| 团队协作 | Git + 脚本 | 云同步 |
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| 价格 | 免费 | 免费版有限制 |
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## 快速参考
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```bash
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# 最常用的命令模板
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curl -X [METHOD] [URL] \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '[JSON_DATA]' | jq
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# 常用组合
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curl -s -X POST $URL -H $HEADERS -d $DATA | jq # 静默 POST，美化输出
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curl -I $URL # 检查响应头
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curl -L -I $URL # 跟随重定向并显示头
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curl -v $URL # 调试模式
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curl -u user:pass $URL # Basic Auth
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```
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## 总结
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curl 是一个功能强大的 HTTP 客户端工具，通过脚本化和命令行参数可以完全替代 Postman 进行 API 测试。虽然缺少可视化界面，但其轻量、可自动化、易于集成的特点使其成为开发者和 DevOps 的首选工具。
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掌握 curl 能让你在没有图形界面的服务器环境中也能灵活地进行 API 调试和测试，是每个开发者必备的技能。 |