451 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
451 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Oracle
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date: 2021-03-23 10:30:31
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author: 文永达
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---
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# Oracle
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## 1.1 安装Oracle 19c
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### 1.1.1 Linux下安装
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#### 1.1.1.1 rpm方式 `没成功`
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从Oracle官网下载安装包 Linux x86-64 RPM
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https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/oracle-database-software-downloads.html
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安装帮助文档
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https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/ladbi/preface.html#GUID-071A6B76-11E3-4421-963E-41DA6F2EF07A
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下载地址
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https://yum.oracle.com/repo/OracleLinux/OL7/latest/x86_64/index.html，浏览器搜索-19c
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安装，首先执行
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```shell
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yum install oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
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```
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会提示缺少依赖
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可以去RPM源网站下载
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http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=compat-libcap1(x86-64)
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安装
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```shell
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rpm -ivh compat-libcap1-1.10-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
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```
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再次执行
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```shell
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yum install oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
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```
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安装数据库
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```shell
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yum install oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
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```
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如果发生错误
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```shell
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Exception java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/oui/lib/linux64/liboraInstaller.so: libnsl.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory occurred..
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java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/oui/lib/linux64/liboraInstaller.so: libnsl.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
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at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method)
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at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1941)
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at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1857)
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at java.lang.Runtime.loadLibrary0(Runtime.java:870)
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at java.lang.System.loadLibrary(System.java:1122)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiip.osd.unix.OiipuUnixOps.loadNativeLib(OiipuUnixOps.java:388)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiip.osd.unix.OiipuUnixOps.<clinit>(OiipuUnixOps.java:130)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiip.oiipg.OiipgEnvironment.getEnv(OiipgEnvironment.java:201)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniPair.instantiateEnvVars(OiixIniPair.java:299)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniPair.updateValue(OiixIniPair.java:230)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniPair.<init>(OiixIniPair.java:148)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniFile.readFile(OiixIniFile.java:809)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniFile.readIniFile(OiixIniFile.java:978)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniFile.getProfileString(OiixIniFile.java:385)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixOraparam.getOraparamProfileString(OiixOraparam.java:338)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixOraparam.getOraparamProfileString(OiixOraparam.java:296)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixOraparam.usePrereqChecker(OiixOraparam.java:416)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicSessionContext.setVariables(OiicSessionContext.java:1325)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicBaseInventoryApp.execute(OiicBaseInventoryApp.java:771)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicBaseInventoryApp.main_helper(OiicBaseInventoryApp.java:690)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicDetachHome.main(OiicDetachHome.java:420)
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'DetachHome' failed.
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Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicBaseInventoryApp.main_helper(OiicBaseInventoryApp.java:706)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicDetachHome.main(OiicDetachHome.java:420)
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Exception java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class oracle.sysman.oii.oiip.osd.unix.OiipuUnixOps occurred..
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java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class oracle.sysman.oii.oiip.osd.unix.OiipuUnixOps
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiip.oiipg.OiipgEnvironment.getEnv(OiipgEnvironment.java:201)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniPair.instantiateEnvVars(OiixIniPair.java:299)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniPair.updateValue(OiixIniPair.java:230)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniPair.<init>(OiixIniPair.java:148)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniFile.readFile(OiixIniFile.java:809)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniFile.readIniFile(OiixIniFile.java:978)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixIniFile.getProfileString(OiixIniFile.java:385)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixOraparam.getOraparamProfileString(OiixOraparam.java:338)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixOraparam.getOraparamProfileString(OiixOraparam.java:296)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiix.OiixOraparam.usePrereqChecker(OiixOraparam.java:416)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicSessionContext.setVariables(OiicSessionContext.java:1325)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicBaseInventoryApp.execute(OiicBaseInventoryApp.java:771)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicBaseInventoryApp.main_helper(OiicBaseInventoryApp.java:690)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicAttachHome.main(OiicAttachHome.java:696)
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'AttachHome' failed.
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Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicBaseInventoryApp.main_helper(OiicBaseInventoryApp.java:706)
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at oracle.sysman.oii.oiic.OiicAttachHome.main(OiicAttachHome.java:696)
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[SEVERE] An error occurred while registering the Oracle home. Verify logs in /var/log/oracle-database-ee-19c/results/oraInstall.log and /opt/oracle/oraInventory for more details and try again.
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warning: %post(oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64) scriptlet failed, exit status 1
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```
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解决办法
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```shell
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yum -y install /lib64/libnsl.so.1
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```
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再次执行安装
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```shell
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# 需要先删除 /opt/oracle/*
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rm -rf /opt/oracle/*
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# 再次执行安装 需要加上 --force
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rpm -ivh oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm --force
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```
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配置数据库
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```shell
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/etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
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```
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过程较长，等待即可
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可能会JDK报错
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```shell
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yum install libnsl
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```
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配置号后设置当前用户下的环境变量
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```shell
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vi ~/.bashrc
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# 追加oracle环境变量信息
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export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1
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export ORACLE_SID=ORCLCDBexport
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PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
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# 保存退出，执行
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source ~/.bashrc
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```
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验证安装是否正确
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```shell
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su oracle
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sqlplus / as sysdba
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# 提示
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SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Mon Oct 17 12:25:27 2022
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Version 19.3.0.0.0
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Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle. All rights reserved.
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Connected to an idle instance.
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```
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启动监听
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#### 1.1.1.2 Docker方式
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安装Docker
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```shell
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sudo wget -qO- https://get.docker.com/ | bash
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docker --version
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systemctl start docker
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systemctl status docker
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systemctl enable docker
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```
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拉取镜像 `quay.io/maksymbilenko/oracle-12c`
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```shell
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docker pull quay.io/maksymbilenko/oracle-12c
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```
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如果有本地镜像则使用
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```shell
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docker build -t quay.io/maksymbilenko/oracle-12c .
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```
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构建容器
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```shell
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# 首先创建本地目录
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mkdir /oracle/data
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# 授予权限
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chmod -R 777 /oracle/data
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docker run --name o12c -d -p 8080:8080 -p 1521:1521 -v /oracle/data:/u01/app/oracle quay.io/maksymbilenko/oracle-12c
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# 查看日志
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docker logs -f # 字符串ID
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```
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安装完成
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数据库连接信息
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```yaml
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hostname: localhost
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port: 1521
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sid: xe
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service name: xe
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username: system
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password: oracle
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```
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进入容器修改账号密码设置
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```shell
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# 查看所有容器信息
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docker ps -a
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docker exec -it [containerID] /bin/bash
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# 切换成oracle用户
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su oracle
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# 进入sqlplus
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$ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqlplus / as sysdba
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SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.2.0 Production on Sun Aug 1 03:15:37 2021
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Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.
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Connected to:
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Oracle Database 12c Standard Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production
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# 设置密码有效期为无限制
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SQL> ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME UNLIMITED;
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Profile altered.
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SQL> alter user SYSTEM account unlock;
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User altered.
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# 创建一个账号为act_test的用户密码设置为test
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SQL> create user act_test identified by test;
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User created.
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# 为这个用户赋予管理员的权限
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SQL> grant dba to act_test;
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Grant succeeded.
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# ctrl + p + q 退出容器（注意不要exit退出，防止容器直接关闭了）
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```
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## 2.1 Oracle SQL Developer
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### 2.1.1 设置自动提示
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工具栏 -> 工具 -> 首选项 -> 代码编辑器 -> 完成设置
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### 2.1.2 设置代码模板
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工具栏 -> 工具 -> 首选项 -> 代码编辑器 -> 代码模板
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### 2.1.3 同时打开多个表
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工具栏 -> 工具 -> 首选项 -> 数据库 ->对象查看器
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## 3.1 SQL PLUS
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### 3.1.1 解决控制台输错命令删除
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使用`Ctrl + backspace`代替`backspace`
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### 3.1.2 登录
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```shell
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# 以oracle账号登录
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su oracle
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$ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqlplus / as sysdba
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```
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## 4.1 语法
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### 4.1.1 新建表空间
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```sql
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CREATE TABLESPACE ACT_DEV
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DATAFILE
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'\oracle\data\oradata\xe\FILE_SPECIFICATION1.dbf' SIZE 52428800 AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 52428800 MAXSIZE 2147483648
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EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL;
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```
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### 4.1.2 解除占用
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```sql
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select l.session_id,o.owner,o.object_name
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from v$locked_object l,dba_objects o
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where l.object_id=o.object_id;
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SELECT sid, serial#, username, osuser FROM v$session where sid = sid;
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alter system kill session 'sid,serial#';
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```
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### 4.1.3 修改表
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```sql
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-- 表重命名
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ALTER TABLE BOOK
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RENAME TO BIND_PHONE_NUMBER;
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-- 添加表字段Column
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ALTER TABLE BIND_PHONE_NUMBER
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ADD (USERNAME VARCHAR2(20) );
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-- 修改表字段Column名
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ALTER TABLE BIND_PHONE_NUMBER RENAME COLUMN NAME TO APPNAME;
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```
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### 4.1.4 使用关键字做完表名，列名
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使用""形式，如"INDEX"
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## 5.1 内连接与外连接
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### 5.1.1 内连接
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合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行，结果集中不包含一个表与另一个表不匹配的行
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语法：
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```sql
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SELECT 字段列表
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FROM A表 INNER JOIN B表
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ON 关联条件
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WHERE 条件;
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```
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类似于：
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```sql
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方式一
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SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
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d.department_id, d.location_id
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FROM employees e JOIN departments d
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ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
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方式二：
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SELECT employee_id,department_name
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FROM employees e,departments d
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WHERE e.`department_id` = d.department_id;
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```
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这种查询方式，它会把所有的符合where条件的字段查询出来。但是有这样一种情况，就是两张表的数据有的不存在某种关系。
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缺点：如果我们想要把不满足条件的数据也查询出来，内连接就做不到。
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于是引入外连接。
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### 5.1.2 外连接
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查询多表时一般要求中出现：查询所有的数据时，就一定会用到外连接。
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两个表在连接过程中除了返回满足连接条件的行以外还返回左（或右）表中不满足条件的行，这种连接称为左（或右）外连接。没有匹配的行时，结果表中相应的列为空(NULL)。
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#### 5.1.2.1 满外连接
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`FULL JOIN`
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`LEFT JOIN UNION RIGHT JOIN`
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#### 5.1.2.2 左外连接
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语法：
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```sql
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SELECT 字段列表
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FROM A表 LEFT JOIN B表
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ON 关联条件
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WHERE 条件;
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```
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类似于：
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```sql
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SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
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FROM employees e
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LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
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ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;
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```
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`employees`表中的数据会全部显示出来
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#### 5.1.2.3 右外连接
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语法：
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```sql
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SELECT 字段列表
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FROM A表 RIGHT JOIN B表
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ON 关联条件
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WHERE 条件;
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```
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类似于：
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```sql
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SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
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FROM employees e
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RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
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ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;
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```
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`departments`表中的数据会全部显示出来
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### 5.1.3 UNION的使用
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·语法：
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```sql
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SELECT column,... FROM table1
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UNION [ALL]
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SELECT column,... FROM table2
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```
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UNION 操作符返回两个查询的结果集的并集，去除重复记录。
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UNION ALL操作符返回两个查询的结果集的并集。对于两个结果集的重复部分，不去重。
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