--- title: Linux date: 2021-04-07 16:04:58 author: 文永达 top_img: https://gcore.jsdelivr.net/gh/volantis-x/cdn-wallpaper/abstract/00E0F0ED-9F1C-407A-9AA6-545649D919F4.jpeg --- # Linux ## 简介 > 在linux系统中,没有盘符的概念。 > 一个盘。/根目录 > 没有图形化界面 > 通过指令操作 > > linux指令是可以传参数的。 > > 在Linux系统下,万事万物皆文件。 ## Linux的文件结构(19个) - bin:存放的是二进制的可以执行文件。(重点) - sbin:存放的是二进制的可以执行文件。super,只有root用户才能访问 - etc:存放系统配置文件(重点) - usr:用来存放共享的系统资源 - home:除了root用户的家目录(重点) - root:就是root用户的家目录 - dev:存放设备文件 ## Linux指令 - Ctrl+u 键: 删除命令行开始至光标处 - Ctrl+k 键: 删除光标至命令行结尾 - Ctrl+a 键: 光标移到最前 - Ctrl+e 键: 光标移到最后 - ip addr(ip a):查看主机的ip地址 - clear:清屏 - tab 键: 提示作用。自动补全。 ### 跳转目录: ```shell # 跳转指定目录 root目录下的www cd /root/www # 返回跳转前的目录 cd - # 跳转上一级目录 cd ../ # 跳转根目录 cd / # 跳转root目录 cd ~ # 跳转至主目录(后面跟个空格就行) cd ``` ### 复制粘贴: ```shell # 把aa.txt复制到init目录下 cp aa.txt init/ # 把init文件夹以及所包含的文件复制到 spring文件夹下 cp -r init spring/ ``` ### 列出目录内容: ```shell # 列出当前目录下的所有文件及目录(不含隐藏的) ls # 给ls指令传了一个参数l。等同于ll。列出当前目录下的所有文件及目录的详情。 ls -l # 列出当前目录下的所有文件及目录(含隐藏的) ls -a # ls后可以接目录名(相对路径),要么接绝对路径,查看目录下的文件及目录 ls <当前目录下的文件夹> ls -l # 以长格式显示当前目录中的文件和目录 ls -a # 显示当前目录中的所有文件和目录,包括隐藏文件 ls -lh # 以人类可读的方式显示当前目录中的文件和目录大小 ls -t # 按照修改时间排序显示当前目录中的文件和目录 ls -R # 递归显示当前目录中的所有文件和子目录 ls -l /etc/passwd # 显示/etc/passwd文件的详细信息 ``` pwd:查看当前所在的目录 方向键↑和↓:浏览历史指令 mkdir:创建目录 mkdir -p:创建多级目录 cp -r init spring:复制粘贴。把init目录以及包含的文件复制到spring目录下 mv aa.txt xiaoqiang.txt:重命名。把aa.txt重命名为xiaoqiang.txt。 mv bb.txt spring:移动。把bb.txt移动到spring目录。 mv -f spring aaaaa:在覆盖前不提示 mv -r aaaaa bbbbb:强行覆盖。前提是被覆盖的目录和覆盖的目录要结构相同。(慎用) rm xiaoqiang.txt:删除xiaoqiang.txt rm -f spring.xml:强行删除spring.xml,没有确认提示 rm -r init:递归删除init目录 rm -rf bbbbb:递归删除bbbbb并且没有确认提示(慎用) rmdir aa:删除空目录aa(用的很少) rm -rf *:删除所有的目录及文件(慎用) cat:显示文本文件的内容(一部分)。.java,.py,.c++,.xml,.html,.js,.css more:分页显示文本文件的内容。只能向下查看,不能向上翻页。 less:分页显示文本文件的内容。上下翻页。通过PgUp和PgDn进行上下翻页,↑和↓一行一行的查看。输入q退出查看。 top -n 10 xxxx:查看文本文件的前10行 tail -n 10 xxxx:查看文本文件的后10行 tail -f xxxx:实时监控文本文件的变化 Ctrl + c:几乎可以退出所有的操作 echo:打印输出一句话。也可以用作向文本文件内写入信息。会自动追加并换行。 find: 查找文件夹或目录 find /usr -iname "\*docker\*" 查找/usr目录下 名称为docker 的文件或目录 模糊查询 并忽略大小写 ### 压缩: 1、打包,把多个文件打成一个包。 2、压缩,把文件占用的大小进行压缩。 tar命令:用来进行压缩和解压缩的。 -c 建立一个压缩文件(打包) -x 解开一个压缩文件(解包) -z 是否需要使用gzip压缩 -v 压缩过程中是否显示文件日志 -f 使用的文件名 tar -cf:只打包,不压缩,不显示日志 tar -xf:解压文件,不显示日志 tar -cvf:只打包,不压缩,显示日志 tar -xvf:解压文件,显示日志。 tar -zcvf:打包压缩,显示日志 ```shell tar -zcvf wwwroot.tar.gz wwwroot/ ``` tar -zxvf:解压(最常用) ```shell tar -zxvf wwwroot.tar.gz ``` tar.gz 和 tgz 的区别 tar.gz 和 tgz 是两种常见的压缩文件格式,它们在本质上是相同的,只是文件扩展名不同。两者都是通过 tar 命令将多个文件打包成一个文件,然后再使用 gzip 压缩工具进行压缩。 ### 系统服务: systemstl:操作系统服务。 status:查看某个服务的状态 stop:终止某个服务 start:启动某个服务 restart:重启某个服务 ```shell systemctl status mysqld ``` 网络服务:network 防火墙服务:firewalld Mysql:mysqld systemctl status network ### 网络状态: ```shell # -l或--listening 显示监控中的服务器的Socket # -n或--numeric 直接使用IP地址,而不通过域名服务器。 # -p或--programs 显示正在使用Socket的程序识别码和程序名称。 netstat -lnp | grep 8080 ``` ### 获取路径: ```shell readlink -f sample.txt /home/gliu/sample.txt realpath -s sample.txt /home/gliu/sample.txt find $(pwd) -name sample.txt /home/gliu/sample.txt ls -l $PWD/sample.txt ``` ### 文件目录: ```shell # 列出当前目录下所有文件的大小,以及所有文件大小的统计总和 ls -lht ``` ## 文件详情:(以home目录为例) d:说明当前文件是一个目录(- 代表的是文件) rwx:r,可读;w,可写;x,可执行。(代表当前文件的创建者的权限) r-x:代表的是和文件创建者的同组的用户的权限 r-x:代表的是其他用户 2:链接数 root:创建者 root:创建者所在的组 6:文件占用空间的大小(字节) Apr 11 2018:最后一次修改时间 home:文件名或目录名 ## 查找文件 ### find 命令 基本格式:find path expression 1. 按照文件名查找 find / -name httpd.conf # 在根目录下 查找文件httpd.conf,表示在整个硬盘查找 find /etc -name httpd.conf # 在 /etc 目录下查找文件 httpd.conf find /etc -name '\*srm*' # 使用通配符\*(0或者任意多个)。表示在 /etc 目录下查找文件名中含有字符串'srm'的文件 2. 按照文件特征查找 find / -amin -10 # 查找在系统中最后10分钟访问的文件(access time) find / atime -2 # 查找在系统中最后48小时访问的文件 find / -empty # 查找在系统中为空的文件或者文件夹 find / -group cat # 查找在系统中属于 group 为 cat 的文件 find / -mmin -5 # 查找在系统中最后5分钟里修改过的文件(modify time) find / -mtime -1 # 查找在系统中最后24小时里修改过的文件 find / -user fred # 查找在系统中属于fred这个用户的文件 find / -size +10000c # 查找出大鱼10000字节的文件(c:字节,w:双字, k:KB, M:MB, G:GB) find / -size -1000k 3. 使用混合查找方式查找文件 参数有:!, -and(-a), -or(-0) find /tmp -size +10000c -and -mtime +2 # 在/tmp目录下查找大于10000字节并在最后2分钟内修改的文件 find / -user fred -or -user george # 在根目录下查找用户是fred或者george的文本文件 find /tmp ! -user panda #在/tmp目录中查找所有不属于panda用户的文件 ### du 命令 du 命令可以查看磁盘空间的使用情况,自然也可以用来查看磁盘上占用空间较多的文件和文件夹。 ```shell # 查找/root下5个最大的文件 du -ah /root | sort -nr | head -n5 # 查找当前目录下最大的5个目录 du -ah | sort -nr | head -n5 # 查找根目录下最大目录/文件(包括子文件夹) du -Sh / | sort -rh | head -n10 # 只看大小在 GB 范围内的所有文件 du -ah / | grep "[0-9]G\b" ``` ## 进程管理 ps 查看前台进程 ps -aux 查看所有进程详细信息 UID 用户 PID 进程ID ps -ef 查看所有进程详细信息 UID 用户 PID 进程ID PPID 父进程ID 父进程id为1 为系统进程 top 动态显示进程 ps -aux|grep network 查看所有进程详细信息,并搜索network进程 kill 根据PID,终止进程 kill -9 强制终止 ## vi命令 编辑器 i 切换到编辑模式 ESC 切换到命令模式 :wq 保存并退出 :q 不保存退出 :w 保存 :q! 强制不保存退出 :wq! 强制保存退出 a 在光标后插入 A 在光标当前行的行尾插入 i 在光标前插入 I 在光标当前行的行头插入 :set nu 显示行号 :set nonu 取消显示行号 gg 到文本的第一行 G 到文本的最后一行 u 后退一步 相当于 Ctrl + z Ctrl + r 前进一步 Shift + zz 保存退出 跟:wq一样 起始行号,结束行号 del 删除对应范围内的行 安装vim编辑器 ```shell yum install -y vim ``` ## 配置网络 ```shell cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts vi ifcfg-ens33 TYPE=Ethernet PROXY_METHOD=none BROWSER_ONLY=no BOOTPROTO=dhcp DEFROUTE=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=yes IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy NAME=ens33 UUID=08913b58-0bc2-42c5-8b59-6782e0029d7b DEVICE=ens33 ONBOOT=yes # 修改ONBOOT=yes systemctl restart network ip addr ``` ## 端口映射 ```shell # 将 80 端口 映射到 8080端口上 dport为目标端口 to-port为来源端口 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 8080 -j REDIRECT --to-port 80 # 查看iptables规则 iptables -t nat -L -n -v ## Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 12925 4377K DOCKER all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 ADDRTYPE match dst-type LOCAL 0 0 REDIRECT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:8080 redir ports 80 ``` ## 软件安装 rpm 本地安装 yum centos安装软件 需要源 安装screenFetch ```shell #使用wget 下载安装包 wget https://github.com/KittyKatt/screenFetch/archive/master.zip #使用unzip解压,unzip需要安装 yum install unzip unzip master.zip #移动 mv screenFetch-master/screenfetch-dev /usr/bin/screenfetch ``` ## wget 下载工具 #### 格式 wget [参数] [URL地址] wget -O 图片名.png https://www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png #### 记录和输入文件参数 | 短格式 | 长格式 | 说明 | | ------ | ------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | | -o | –output-file=FILE | 把记录写到FILE文件中 | | -a | –append-output=FILE | 把记录追加到FILE文件中 | | -d | –debug | 打印调试输出 | | -q | –quiet | 安静模式(没有输出) | | -v | –verbose | 冗长模式(这是缺省设置) | | -nv | –non-verbose | 关掉冗长模式,但不是安静模式 | | -i | –input-file=FILE | 下载在FILE文件中出现的URLs | | -F | –force-html | 把输入文件当作HTML格式文件对待 | | -B | –base=URL | 将URL作为在-F -i参数指定的文件中出现的相对链接的前缀 | | | –sslcertfile=FILE | 可选客户端证书 | | | –sslcertkey=KEYFILE | 可选客户端证书的KEYFILE | | | –egd-file=FILE | 指定EGD socket的文件名 | #### 下载参数 | 短格式 | 长格式 | 说明 | | ------ | --------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | | | –bind-address=ADDRESS | 指定本地使用地址(主机名或IP,当本地有多个IP或名字时使用) | | -t | –tries=NUMBER | 设定最大尝试链接次数(0 表示无限制). | | -O | –output-document=FILE | 把文档写到FILE文件中 | | -nc | –no-clobber | 不要覆盖存在的文件或使用.#前缀 | | -c | –continue | 接着下载没下载完的文件 | | | –progress=TYPE | 设定进程条标记 | | -N | –timestamping | 不要重新下载文件除非比本地文件新 | | -S | –server-response | 打印服务器的回应 | | | –spider | 不下载任何东西 | | -T | –timeout=SECONDS | 设定响应超时的秒数 | | -w | –wait=SECONDS | 两次尝试之间间隔SECONDS秒 | | | –waitretry=SECONDS | 在重新链接之间等待1…SECONDS秒 | | | –random-wait | 在下载之间等待0…2*WAIT秒 | | -Y | –proxy=on/off | 打开或关闭代理 | | -Q | –quota=NUMBER | 设置下载的容量限制 | | | –limit-rate=RATE | 限定下载速率 | ## 用户 who am i 查看当前用户 who --count 查看当前登录用户数量 exit 退出登录 groupadd 创建用户组 groupdel 删除用户组 useradd xiaoqiang -g user 创建一个用户xiaoqiang,并指定用户组user passwd xiaoqiangf 给xiaoqiang用户指定密码 su 切换用户 从root切换到其他用户不需要输入密码 如果从其他用户切换到root用户,需要输入密码 ### 权限管理 Linux 下文件有三种权限 r 读 w写 x可执行 --- ```shell chmod 755 file ``` ### 开启sudo权限 ```shell #添加sudo文件的写权限,命令是: chmod u+w /etc/sudoers #编辑sudoers文件 vim /etc/sudoers #找到这行 root ALL=(ALL) ALL,在他下面添加xxx ALL=(ALL) ALL (这里的xxx是你的用户名) ``` > ps:这里说下你可以sudoers添加下面四行中任意一条 > > ``` > youuser ALL=(ALL) ALL > %youuser ALL=(ALL) ALL > youuser ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL > %youuser ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL > ``` > 第一行:允许用户youuser执行sudo命令(需要输入密码). > 第二行:允许用户组youuser里面的用户执行sudo命令(需要输入密码). > 第三行:允许用户youuser执行sudo命令,并且在执行的时候不输入密码. > 第四行:允许用户组youuser里面的用户执行sudo命令,并且在执行的时候不输入密码. ```shell #撤销sudoers文件写权限,命令: chmod u-w /etc/sudoers ``` 这样普通用户就可以使用sudo了. ## Shell 脚本 ### 为什么大多数 shell 脚本都包含 #! /bin/bash 在 shell 脚本的开头? “`#!/bin/bash`”这一行被称为`shebang` 行,在某些文献中,它被称为`hashbang` 行,这是因为它以两个字符`hash '#'` 和`bang '!' `开头。 ```shell #! /bin/bash echo 'Hello, World!' ``` 当你在脚本的最顶部包含“`#!/bin/bash`”行时,系统知道你想使用 `bash` 作为脚本的解释器。因此,你现在可以直接运行 `hello.sh` 脚本,而无需在其前面加上 `bash`。 使用 `#!/bin/bash` 表示该脚本是 `bash shell` 脚本,无论系统上正在使用什么 `shell`,都应该使用 `bash` 作为解释器运行。如果你使用的是 `zsh` 特定的语法,你可以通过添加 `#! /bin/zsh` 作为脚本的第一行。 `#!` 和 `/bin/bash` 之间的空格无关紧要。你也可以使用 `#!/bin/bash`。 ## yum ### 改阿里源 ```shell yum install -y wget && mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup && wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo && yum clean all && yum makecache ``` ## dnf ## 安装MySQL 有些Linux会自带MariaDB数据库,所以需要先卸载 列出安装的MariaDB的包 ```shell rpm -qa | grep mariadb ``` 得到查看到的包名 卸载包 后面加上包名 ```shell rpm -e --nodeps mariadb-libs-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64 ``` 自此下载MariaDB已经完成了 切换到home目录下 ```shell cd /home/ ``` 安装 wget 并下载yum库 ```shell yum install wget -y wget https://repo.mysql.com//mysql80-community-release-el7-1.noarch.rpm rpm -Uvh mysql80-community-release-el7-1.noarch.rpm cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ vim mysql-community.repo ``` 选择要安装的MySQL版本 ```shell [mysql57-community] name=MySQL 5.7 Community Server baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/$basearch/ enabled=0 // 将这里的0改为1 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql [mysql80-community] name=MySQL 8.0 Community Server baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-8.0-community/el/7/$basearch/ enabled=1 //将这里的1改为0 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql ``` enabled=0为禁用对应版本的YUM库,enabled=1为启用,默认8.0的配置为enabled=1,安装5.7的话,我们就把8.0的enabled=1修改为enabled=0,然后把5.7的enabled=0修改为enabled=1 安装MySQL并启动 ```shell yum install mysql-community-server service mysqld start ``` 第一步安装成功之后,然后启动MySQL 如果失败了,提示GPG RPM 维护一个单独的密钥环,因为它是一个系统范围的应用程序,而用户的 GPG 公钥环是一个用户特定的文件。要将 MySQL 公钥导入 RPM 密钥环,首先获取密钥,然后使用 rpm --import 导入密钥 ```shell # centos rpm --import https://repo.mysql.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql-2022 # Ubuntu: wget -q -O - https://repo.mysql.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql-2022 | apt-key add - yum install mysql-community-server ``` 查看MySQL初始密码 ```shell sudo grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log ``` 登录MySQL ```shell mysql -u root -p ``` 设置密码的验证强度等级 ```shell set global validate_password_policy=LOW; ``` 设置密码长度为6位 ```shell set global validate_password_length=6; ``` 修改MySQL初始密码 ```shell ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456'; ``` 给root权限开启远程登录 ```shell use mysql; select user,host from user; update user set host = '%' where user = 'root'; flush privileges; ``` --- ### AlmaLinux 安装 (dnf包管理器方式) 1. 首先确保系统是最新的。 ```shell sudo dnf clean all sudo dnf update sudo dnf groupinstall "Development Tools" ``` 2. 安装 MySQL 默认情况下,MySQL 在 AlmaLinux 9 基础存储库中可用。 只需使用以下命令安装 MySQL 服务器包 `dnf` 命令: ```shell sudo dnf install mysql mysql-server ``` 设置表名不区分大小写 ```shell vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mysql-server.cnf # 在 [mysqld] 中添加 lower_case_table_names=1 ``` 初始化后查询是否生效 ```mysql show global variables like '%lower_case%'; # lower_case_table_names 为 1 ``` 启动 MySQL 服务并通过运行以下命令使其在启动时自动启动: ```shell sudo systemctl status mysqld sudo systemctl enable --now mysqld ``` 确认安装并检查已安装的 MySQL 构建版本: ```shell mysql --version ``` 3. 在 AlmaLinux 9 上保护 MySQL。 默认情况下,MySQL 未加固。 您可以使用 `mysql_secure_installation` 脚本。 您应该仔细阅读以下每个步骤,这些步骤将设置 root 密码、删除匿名用户、禁止远程 root 登录、删除测试数据库和访问安全 MySQL: ```shell mysql_secure_installation ``` 对提示使用以下选项: ```shell Enter current password for root (enter for none): Just press the Enter Set root password? [Y/n]: Y New password: Enter your password Re-enter new password: Repeat your password Remove anonymous users? [Y/n]: Y Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n]: Y Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n]: Y Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n]: Y ``` 安全后,您可以使用以下命令登录 MySQL shell: ```shell sudo mysql -u root -p ``` 要创建数据库、数据库用户并向数据库用户授予所有权限,请运行以下命令: ```mysql CREATE DATABASE test_db; CREATE USER 'test_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your-password'; GRANT ALL ON tests_db.* TO 'test_user'@'localhost'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES; EXIT ``` ### AlmaLinux 安装 (rpm手动方式) ```shell mkdir mysql_install cd mysql_install # 下载安装包 wget https://cdn.mysql.com/archives/mysql-5.7/mysql-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar tar -xvf mysql-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar rpm -ivh mysql-community-common-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh mysql-community-libs-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm # 如果出现以下错误 error: Failed dependencies: libcrypto.so.10()(64bit) is needed by mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 libcrypto.so.10(libcrypto.so.10)(64bit) is needed by mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 libssl.so.10()(64bit) is needed by mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 libssl.so.10(libssl.so.10)(64bit) is needed by mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 # 执行 dnf install -y https://repo.almalinux.org/almalinux/8/AppStream/x86_64/os/Packages/compat-openssl10-1.0.2o-4.el8_6.x86_64.rpm rpm -ivh mysql-community-devel-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm # 如果出现以下错误 error: Failed dependencies: /usr/bin/pkg-config is needed by mysql-community-devel-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 # 执行 dnf install openssl-devel -y rpm -ivh mysql-community-client-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm # 如果出现以下错误 错误:依赖检测失败: libncurses.so.5()(64bit) 被 mysql-community-client-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 需要 libtinfo.so.5()(64bit) 被 mysql-community-client-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 需要 # 执行 dnf install libncurses* -y dnf install epel-release -y dnf install ncurses-compat-libs -y rpm -ivh mysql-community-server-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm # 如果出现以下提示 /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/mysql.conf:23: Line references path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/mysqld → /run/mysqld; please update the tmpfiles.d/ drop-in file accordingly. # 执行 vim /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/mysql.conf # 将/var/run/mysqld 改为 /run/mysqld # 如果出现以下提示 error: Failed dependencies: libcrypt.so.1()(64bit) is needed by mysql-community-server-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 libcrypt.so.1(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit) is needed by mysql-community-server-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 # 执行 dnf install -y libxcrypt-compat # 如果出现以下提示 error: Failed dependencies: /usr/bin/perl is needed by mysql-community-server-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 perl(Getopt::Long) is needed by mysql-community-server-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 perl(strict) is needed by mysql-community-server-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 dnf install -y perl.x86_64 # 如果出现以下提示 error: Failed dependencies: net-tools is needed by mysql-community-server-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64 # 执行 dnf install net-tools -y rpm -ivh mysql-community-embedded-compat-5.7.41-1.el7.x86_64.rpm ``` **编辑配置文件** ```shell vim /etc/my.cnf # For advice on how to change settings please see # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-configuration-defaults.html [client] port = 3306 user = mysql [mysqld] # # Remove leading # and set to the amount of RAM for the most important data # cache in MySQL. Start at 70% of total RAM for dedicated server, else 10%. # innodb_buffer_pool_size = 128M # # Remove leading # to turn on a very important data integrity option: logging # changes to the binary log between backups. # log_bin # # Remove leading # to set options mainly useful for reporting servers. # The server defaults are faster for transactions and fast SELECTs. # Adjust sizes as needed, experiment to find the optimal values. # join_buffer_size = 128M # sort_buffer_size = 2M # read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M basedir=/usr/local/mysql datadir=/var/lib/mysql socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0 log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid max_connections = 400 character-set-server = utf8mb4 explicit_defaults_for_timestamp = true lower_case_table_names = 1 ``` **初始化** ```shell mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --initialize-insecure --user=mysql # 给mysql用户添加数据目录权限 chown mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql -R systemctl start mysqld systemctl enable mysqld # 查看root随机生成密码 grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log # 若没有提示,则没有密码,可直接登录 mysql -uroot ``` ## 配置Java环境变量 将tar.gz格式的jdk解压后移动到/usr目录下 ```shell mv jdk1.8.0_301/ /usr/ ``` 编辑/etc目录下profile文件 G到最后一行 ```shell vim /etc/profile export JAVA_HOME=/usr/jdk1.8.0_301 export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin ``` :wq保存退出 重新加载配置文件 ```shell source /etc/profile ``` --- ## CentOS7防火墙 放行特定端口 ```shell firewall-cmd --add-port=6379/tcp --permanent ``` 移除放行端口 ```shell firewall-cmd --permanent --remove-port=8080/tcp ``` 查询端口是否开放 ```shell firewall-cmd --query-port=8080/tcp ``` 任何修改操作,配置完成后,需要重新加载firewall 重新加载防火墙 ```shell firewall-cmd --reload ``` 查看防火墙开放的端口 ```shell firewall-cmd --list-all ``` 指定作用域开发防火墙端口 ```shell firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=3306/tcp --permanent # -zone 作用域 # -add-port 添加端口,格式为端口/协议 # -permanent 永久生效,没有此参数重启后失效 ``` ## 安装与分区 Linux分区:顺序(主要是boot swap /) 1,boot 分区(因为boot是引导启动的分区,所以分区的时候必须先分boot,通常设置大小为200M 空间足够300 - 500M) 2,swap(缓存分区,通常设置大小为1G 通常是物理内存大小的2倍,比如你电脑是4G的物理内存,swap分区可以是8G) 3,/ (根分区,通常把硬盘剩下所有的都分配给根/) 4,/home分区 (可选) ![image-20240227123457743](https://markdownhexo.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20240227123457743.png) ![image-20240227123607562](https://markdownhexo.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20240227123607562.png) ![image-20240227123637191](https://markdownhexo.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20240227123637191.png) ## 查看硬盘空间 ```shell # 统计磁盘整体情况,包括磁盘大小,已使用,可用 df -lh # 查看根目录下文件夹大小 du -sh /* ``` ## 快速查找大文件 ```shell # 查找当前用户目录下面大于100M的文件、需包含文件属性、以及从大到小排序: find ~ -type f -size +100M | xargs ls -lhS # 只显示文件大小和文件路径 find ~ -type f -size +100M | xargs du -h | sort -hr ``` ## 扩容 ### LVM #### 旧有卷 将 `/home`部分空间合并至`/`下 ```shell df -h ``` ![image-20240201162619794](Linux/image-20240201162619794.png) 查看卷的文件系统类型 ```shell mount |grep home ``` ![image-20240201162720183](Linux/image-20240201162720183.png) 安装`xfsdump`备份工具 ```shell dnf install -y xfsdump ``` 备份`/home` ```shell xfsdump -f ~/sdb_dump/ /home -M sdb_home -L sdb_home_1 ``` 卸载`/home` ```shell umount /home/ df -h ``` ![image-20240201162906958](Linux/image-20240201162906958.png) 移除 `/dev/mapper/almalinux-home`(删除前请确保重要文件已备份) ```shell lvremove /dev/mapper/almalinux-home ``` ![image-20240201163026019](Linux/image-20240201163026019.png) ```shell lsblk ``` ![image-20240201163052988](Linux/image-20240201163052988.png) 扩展`/dev/mapper/almalinux-root`增加8.7G ```shell lvresize -L +8.7G /dev/mapper/almalinux-root lsblk ``` ![image-20240201163211759](Linux/image-20240201163211759.png) ```shell df -h ``` ![image-20240201163229297](Linux/image-20240201163229297.png) 扩展文件系统根目录 ```shell xfs_growfs / ``` ![image-20240201163300368](Linux/image-20240201163300368.png) ```shell df -h ``` ![image-20240201163342757](Linux/image-20240201163342757.png) 重新创建`/dev/mapper/almalinux-home` ```shell lvcreate -L 9G -n home almalinux lsblk ``` ![image-20240201163506115](Linux/image-20240201163506115.png) 将剩余空闲空间扩展给`/dev/mapper/almalinux-home` ```shell lvextend -l +100%FREE -n /dev/mapper/almalinux-home lsblk ``` ![image-20240201163544310](Linux/image-20240201163544310.png) 格式化`/dev/mapper/almalinux-home` ```shell mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/almalinux-home ``` ![image-20240201163800217](Linux/image-20240201163800217.png) 挂载 **因为lv名称和挂载点不变,因此无需修改/etc/fstab** ```shell mount -a df -Th ``` ![image-20240201163826924](Linux/image-20240201163826924.png) 还原 ```shell xfsrestore -f sdb_dump /home/ ``` ![image-20240201163847295](Linux/image-20240201163847295.png) #### 新加卷 Orale VirtualBox ![image-20240130093530200](Linux/image-20240130093530200.png) 需要选择最后一个,因为前几个是之前的备份快照 ![image-20240130093629718](Linux/image-20240130093629718.png) 分配大小即可,只能增加不能缩小 查看现有分区大小 ```shell df -Th ``` ![image-20240130093817210](Linux/image-20240130093817210.png) 查看扩容后磁盘大小 ```shell lsblk ``` ![image-20240130093857754](Linux/image-20240130093857754.png) 创建分区 ```shell fdisk /dev/sda ``` ![image-20240130093939297](Linux/image-20240130093939297.png) ![image-20240130094105250](Linux/image-20240130094105250.png) 刷新分区并创建物理卷 ```shell partprobe /dev/sda pvcreate /dev/sda4 ``` ![image-20240130094218593](Linux/image-20240130094218593.png) 查看卷组名称,以及卷组使用情况 ```shell vgdisplay ``` ![image-20240130094244545](Linux/image-20240130094244545.png) 将物理卷扩展到卷组 ```shell vgextend rl /dev/sda4 ``` ![image-20240130094253931](Linux/image-20240130094253931.png) 查看当前逻辑卷的空间状态 ```shell lvdisplay ``` ![image-20240130094329028](Linux/image-20240130094329028.png) 将卷组中的空闲空间扩展到根分区逻辑卷 ```shell lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/rl/root ``` ![image-20240130094418379](Linux/image-20240130094418379.png) 刷新根分区 ```shell xfs_growfs /dev/rl/root ``` ![image-20240130094442884](Linux/image-20240130094442884.png) 扩容成功 ![image-20240130094540550](Linux/image-20240130094540550.png) ## 转换分区格式 ### Microsoft 基本数据 -> Linux 文件系统 ```shell fdisk -l ... Disk /dev/sdb:2.18 TiB,2400476553216 字节,4688430768 个扇区 磁盘型号:DL2400MM0159 单元:扇区 / 1 * 512 = 512 字节 扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 4096 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳):4096 字节 / 4096 字节 磁盘标签类型:gpt 磁盘标识符:6C271C0A-2A82-416E-8A0F-A49EF6D9BA33 设备 起点 末尾 扇区 大小 类型 /dev/sdb1 2048 4688429055 4688427008 2.2T Microsoft 基本数据 ... ``` 通过查看都为 Microsoft 基本数据 硬盘类型,需要转换成Linux系统能够识别的 Linux 文件系统 先将 /dev/sdb 进行转换 ```shell fdisk /dev/sdb # 输入 t 命令 代表转换分区类型 t # 20 代表 Linux file system 20 # 输入 w 命令 代表改动由内存写入到硬盘中 ``` 手动挂载硬盘 ```shell mkdir /sdb mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 /sdb ``` 没有报错后,可查看磁盘情况 ```shell df -Th devtmpfs devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 16G 0 16G 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 6.2G 19M 6.2G 1% /run efivarfs efivarfs 304K 129K 171K 43% /sys/firmware/efi/efivars /dev/mapper/almalinux-root xfs 382G 16G 367G 5% / /dev/sda2 xfs 960M 416M 545M 44% /boot /dev/sda1 vfat 200M 7.1M 193M 4% /boot/efi tmpfs tmpfs 3.1G 100K 3.1G 1% /run/user/0 /dev/sdb1 ext3 2.2T 72G 2.0T 4% /sdb ``` 看到已经挂载上了,也可以访问了 系统重启后,挂载会失效,需再改动 /etc/fstab 文件,让其自动挂载 需查看要挂载的硬盘的UUID,以device方式去挂载,会导致重启后发生盘符交换问题 查看硬盘的UUID,通过 `blkid`查看 ```shell blkid /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb1: UUID="7d592b46-68dc-41c2-bdb3-7ee410f0bb33" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="cc75a3e5-bbfa-4abb-a749-241183f41510" ``` 然后修改 /etc/fstab 文件,添加到对应硬盘前即可 ```shell vim /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Fri May 16 02:20:43 2025 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'. # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info. # # After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd # units generated from this file. # /dev/mapper/almalinux-root / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=d99ec15b-05d5-4311-b5c7-497945d4805d /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=0EAB-5879 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 2 /dev/mapper/almalinux-swap none swap defaults 0 0 # 此处追加下面硬盘信息 UUID=7d592b46-68dc-41c2-bdb3-7ee410f0bb33 /sdb ext3 defaults 0 0 ``` 修改 /etc/fstab 文件后,需系统重载配置,才可应用 ```shell systemctl daemon-reload ``` ### ext3 升级 ext4 确认当前文件系统类型 ```shell df -Th | grep /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb1 ext3 2.2T 60G 2.0T 3% /sdb ``` 卸载目标分区(⚠️ 注意:不能对正在使用的根分区操作) ```shell umount /dev/sdb1 ``` 检查并修复文件系统 ```shell e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1 e2fsck 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021) 第 1 步:检查inode、块和大小 第 2 步:检查目录结构 第 3 步:检查目录连接性 第 4 步:检查引用计数 第 5 步:检查组概要信息 /dev/sdb1:26748/146513920 文件(15.5% 为非连续的), 24877668/586053376 块 ``` 确保文件系统无错误。 将 ext3 转换为 ext4 ```shell tune2fs -O has_journal,extent,huge_file,flex_bg,uninit_bg,dir_nlink,extra_isize /dev/sdb1 tune2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021) ``` 查看转换是否成功 ```shell dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1 | grep features dumpe2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Journal features: journal_incompat_revoke ``` 确认输出中包含你刚刚添加的特性,例如: extent huge_file flex_bg uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize 如果有这些关键字,说明已经成功启用了这些功能,也就是成功转换成ext4。 再次检查文件系统 ```shell e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1 ``` 挂载并验证文件系统类型 ```shell mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /sdb df -Th | grep /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb1 ext4 2.2T 60G 2.0T 3% /sdb ``` 修改 /etc/fstab 文件 ```shell /dev/mapper/almalinux-root / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=d99ec15b-05d5-4311-b5c7-497945d4805d /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=0EAB-5879 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 2 /dev/mapper/almalinux-swap none swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /sdb ext4 defaults 0 0 ``` 保存并重载配置 ```shell systemctl daemon-reload ``` ## 挂载卷 ### Windows 网络共享位置 首先创建本地的挂载目录,一般在`/mnt`下 这里以 `/mnt/wdshare`为例 ```shell mkdir -p /mnt/wdshare/ ``` 安装`cifs-utils` ```shell dnf install -y cifs-utils ``` 进行挂载 ```shell mount -t cifs -o username=user,password=backup //192.168.0.1/备份 /mnt/wdshare/ ``` 以上为暂时挂载,还需要永久挂载,避免系统重启后挂载丢失 编辑`/etc/fstab`配置文件,在最后一行添加以下配置 ```shell //192.168.0.1/备份 /mnt/wdshare/ cifs username=user,password=backup 0 0 ``` ### NTFS 分区 #### 可读可写 **识别NTFS分区** ```shell sudo parted -l ``` ![image-20250728084352055](https://rustfs.wenyongdalucky.club:443/hexo/image-20250728084352055.png) **创建挂载点**:使用*mkdir*命令创建一个挂载点 ```shell sudo mkdir /mnt/ntfs1 ``` **安装依赖**:更新包仓库并安装*fuse*和*ntfs-3g* ```shell sudo apt update sudo apt install fuse -y sudo apt install ntfs-3g -y ``` **挂载分区**:使用*mount*命令挂载分区 ```shell sudo mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/ntfs1/ ``` > 其中 /dev/sda1 就是由上述命令的 sudo parted -l 得来的,Disk /dev/sda: 1000GB ,这行标识出了 设备的路径,Disk Flags: 及下述表格的列 Number 则标识出了具体的 设备号,也可通过这个命令进行验证 `sudo blkid /dev/sda1` > > ![image-20250728085224181](https://rustfs.wenyongdalucky.club:443/hexo/image-20250728085224181.png) > > 可以看到 `TYPE="ntfs"`字样 **验证挂载**:使用*df*命令检查所有文件系统的详细信息,验证分区是否成功挂载 ```shell df -Th ``` ![image-20250728084611261](https://rustfs.wenyongdalucky.club:443/hexo/image-20250728084611261.png) 可以看到最后一行的就是刚刚挂载上的设备卷 这个只是临时挂载,还需要编辑`/etc/fstab`配置文件,防止系统重启后,还需再手动挂载 ```shell sudo vim /etc/fstab ``` 在最后一行下面添加这一行 ```shell /dev/sda1 /mnt/ntfs1 fuseblk defaults 0 0 ``` `:wq`保存好,使用以下命令使修改生效 ```shell sudo systemctl daemon-reload ``` ## 分配Swap 查看分区大小 ```shell free -h ``` 使用dd命令创建一个swap分区 ```shell dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/swap bs=1024 count=4194304 ``` count的值是:size(多少M)* 1024 格式化swap分区 ```shell mkswap /home/swap ``` 把格式化后的文件分区设置为swap分区 ```shell swapon /home/swap ``` swap分区自动挂载 ```shell vim /etc/fstab # G 在文件末尾加上 /home/swap swap swap default 0 0 ``` 关闭Swap ```shell swapoff /home/swap ``` ### 修改swap使用率 swappiness的值的大小对如何使用swap分区是有着很大的联系的。swappiness=0的时候表示最大限度使用物理内存,然后才是 swap空间,swappiness=100的时候表示积极的使用swap分区,并且把内存上的数据及时的搬运到swap空间里面。两个极端 查看swappiness ```shell cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ``` 修改swappiness值为60 ```shell sysctl vm.swappiness=60 ``` 但是这只是临时性的修改,还要做一步 ```shell vim /etc/sysctl.conf # 编辑这行 vm.swappiness=60 # 应用更改 sysctl -p ``` ## 升级内核 ### centos 7.9 #### yum 查看内核版本 ```shell uname -a ``` 查看CentOS的版本 ```shell cat /etc/redhat-release ``` 导入一个公钥 ```shell rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org ``` 安装一下CentOS 7.x的ELRepo包 ```shell yum install -y https://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm ``` 然后执行下边命令 ```shell yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml -y && sed -i s/saved/0/g /etc/default/grub && grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ``` 重启 ```shell reboot ``` 查看内核版本 ```shell uname -a ``` 升级完成 ## 查看系统硬件信息 ### cpu **lscpu** 查看的是cpu的统计信息 ```shell lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 40 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-39 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 10 座: 2 NUMA 节点: 2 厂商 ID: GenuineIntel CPU 系列: 6 型号: 85 型号名称: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Silver 4210 CPU @ 2.20GHz 步进: 7 CPU MHz: 999.963 CPU max MHz: 3200.0000 CPU min MHz: 1000.0000 BogoMIPS: 4400.00 虚拟化: VT-x L1d 缓存: 32K L1i 缓存: 32K L2 缓存: 1024K L3 缓存: 14080K NUMA 节点0 CPU: 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38 NUMA 节点1 CPU: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39 Flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch epb cat_l3 cdp_l3 invpcid_single intel_ppin ssbd mba rsb_ctxsw ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm mpx rdt_a avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb intel_pt avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local dtherm ida arat pln pts pku ospke avx512_vnni md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities ``` **cat /proc/cpuinfo** 可以知道每个cpu信息,如每个cpu的型号,主频等 ```shell cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 85 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Silver 4210 CPU @ 2.20GHz stepping : 7 microcode : 0x5003303 cpu MHz : 999.963 cache size : 14080 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 20 core id : 0 cpu cores : 10 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 22 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch epb cat_l3 cdp_l3 invpcid_single intel_ppin ssbd mba rsb_ctxsw ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm mpx rdt_a avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb intel_pt avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local dtherm ida arat pln pts pku ospke avx512_vnni md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d arch_capabilities bogomips : 4400.00 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: ``` ### 内存 概要查看内存情况 这里的单位是mb ```shell free -m total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 31595 14770 3182 253 13643 16150 Swap: 65535 0 65535 ``` 查看内存详细使用 ```shell cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 32354112 kB MemFree: 3377564 kB MemAvailable: 16657484 kB Buffers: 725916 kB Cached: 12127832 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 21031256 kB Inactive: 5694748 kB Active(anon): 13934208 kB Inactive(anon): 197192 kB Active(file): 7097048 kB Inactive(file): 5497556 kB Unevictable: 0 kB Mlocked: 0 kB SwapTotal: 67108860 kB SwapFree: 67108860 kB Dirty: 332 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 13894944 kB Mapped: 697472 kB Shmem: 259160 kB Slab: 1464576 kB SReclaimable: 1117812 kB SUnreclaim: 346764 kB KernelStack: 47280 kB PageTables: 95304 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 83285916 kB Committed_AS: 30011360 kB VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB VmallocUsed: 499568 kB VmallocChunk: 34342115324 kB Percpu: 165376 kB HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB AnonHugePages: 9009152 kB CmaTotal: 0 kB CmaFree: 0 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB DirectMap4k: 510976 kB DirectMap2M: 11681792 kB DirectMap1G: 23068672 kB ``` ### 硬盘 查看硬盘和分区分布 ```shell lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 447.1G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 200M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda2 8:2 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda3 8:3 0 380G 0 part / └─sda4 8:4 0 64G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 2.2T 0 disk └─sdb1 8:17 0 2.2T 0 part /test sdc 8:32 0 2.2T 0 disk └─sdc1 8:33 0 2.2T 0 part /test1 sdd 8:48 0 2.2T 0 disk └─sdd1 8:49 0 2.2T 0 part /test2 ``` 查看硬盘和分区的详细信息 ```shell fdisk -l 磁盘 /dev/sda:480.1 GB, 480103981056 字节,937703088 个扇区 Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes 扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 4096 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳):4096 字节 / 4096 字节 磁盘标签类型:gpt Disk identifier: F6E9395D-610B-4BB3-B289-8F6A96811113 # Start End Size Type Name 1 2048 411647 200M EFI System EFI System Partition 2 411648 2508799 1G Microsoft basic 3 2508800 799426559 380G Microsoft basic 4 799426560 933644287 64G Linux swap ``` ### 网卡 查看网卡硬件信息 ```shell lspci | grep -i 'eth' 04:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Inc. and subsidiaries NetXtreme BCM5720 2-port Gigabit Ethernet PCIe 04:00.1 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Inc. and subsidiaries NetXtreme BCM5720 2-port Gigabit Ethernet PCIe ``` 查看系统的所有网络接口 ```shell ifconfig -a docker0: flags=4163 mtu 1500 inet 172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.17.255.255 inet6 fe80::42:66ff:fefe:52a2 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 ether 02:42:66:fe:52:a2 txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet) RX packets 533213 bytes 84136530 (80.2 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 451394 bytes 255184964 (243.3 MiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 em1: flags=4163 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.6.20 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.6.255 inet6 fe80::bcee:f071:9cb6:5895 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 ether 2c:ea:7f:a9:fc:76 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 4188110 bytes 589201250 (561.9 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 245827 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 3750302 bytes 3040465610 (2.8 GiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 device interrupt 17 em2: flags=4099 mtu 1500 ether 2c:ea:7f:a9:fc:77 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 device interrupt 18 lo: flags=73 mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10 loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback) RX packets 57812 bytes 1222825457 (1.1 GiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 57812 bytes 1222825457 (1.1 GiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 veth466b258: flags=4163 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::f416:2bff:feda:768a prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 ether f6:16:2b:da:76:8a txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet) RX packets 82533 bytes 24308568 (23.1 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 164361 bytes 88237154 (84.1 MiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 veth52ce7e6: flags=4163 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::4806:98ff:fe5f:bb2d prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 ether 4a:06:98:5f:bb:2d txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet) RX packets 450680 bytes 67292944 (64.1 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 287123 bytes 166954717 (159.2 MiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 veth675fcbf: flags=4163 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::f4ac:10ff:fef5:5d60 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 ether f6:ac:10:f5:5d:60 txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 107 bytes 9629 (9.4 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 virbr0: flags=4099 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255 ether 52:54:00:a4:7b:fe txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 virbr0-nic: flags=4098 mtu 1500 ether 52:54:00:a4:7b:fe txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 ``` 或者是 ```shell ip link show 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 2: em1: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 2c:ea:7f:a9:fc:76 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 3: em2: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 2c:ea:7f:a9:fc:77 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 4: docker0: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP mode DEFAULT group default link/ether 02:42:66:fe:52:a2 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 6: veth466b258@if5: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master docker0 state UP mode DEFAULT group default link/ether f6:16:2b:da:76:8a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 1 10: veth675fcbf@if9: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master docker0 state UP mode DEFAULT group default link/ether f6:ac:10:f5:5d:60 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0 11: virbr0: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 52:54:00:a4:7b:fe brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 12: virbr0-nic: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 52:54:00:a4:7b:fe brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 14: veth52ce7e6@if13: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master docker0 state UP mode DEFAULT group default link/ether 4a:06:98:5f:bb:2d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 2 ``` 或者 ```shell cat /proc/net/dev Inter-| Receive | Transmit face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed veth466b258: 24315353 82556 0 0 0 0 0 0 88261902 164407 0 0 0 0 0 0 lo: 1222873114 57968 0 0 0 0 0 0 1222873114 57968 0 0 0 0 0 0 virbr0-nic: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 virbr0: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 veth675fcbf: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9629 107 0 0 0 0 0 0 em1: 589404500 4189635 0 245895 0 0 0 966587 3040611778 3751409 0 0 0 0 0 0 em2: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 veth52ce7e6: 67310666 450811 0 0 0 0 0 0 167000201 287207 0 0 0 0 0 0 docker0: 84158881 533367 0 0 0 0 0 0 255255196 451524 0 0 0 0 0 0 ``` 如果要查看某个网络接口的详细信息,例如em1的详细参数和指标 ```shell ethtool em1 Settings for em1: Supported ports: [ TP ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Half 1000baseT/Full Supported pause frame use: No Supports auto-negotiation: Yes Supported FEC modes: Not reported Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Half 1000baseT/Full Advertised pause frame use: Symmetric Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes Advertised FEC modes: Not reported Link partner advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full Link partner advertised pause frame use: Symmetric Receive-only Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes Link partner advertised FEC modes: Not reported Speed: 100Mb/s Duplex: Full Port: Twisted Pair PHYAD: 1 Transceiver: internal Auto-negotiation: on MDI-X: off Supports Wake-on: g Wake-on: d Current message level: 0x000000ff (255) drv probe link timer ifdown ifup rx_err tx_err Link detected: yes ``` ### pci 查看pci信息,即主板所有硬件槽信息 ```shell lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DMI3 Registers (rev 07) 00:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E MM/Vt-d Configuration Registers (rev 07) 00:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E RAS (rev 07) 00:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E IOAPIC (rev 07) 00:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Ubox Registers (rev 07) 00:08.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Ubox Registers (rev 07) 00:08.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Ubox Registers (rev 07) 00:11.0 Unassigned class [ff00]: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family MROM 0 (rev 09) 00:11.5 SATA controller: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family SSATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 09) 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family USB 3.0 xHCI Controller (rev 09) 00:14.2 Signal processing controller: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family Thermal Subsystem (rev 09) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 (rev 09) 00:16.1 Communication controller: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #2 (rev 09) 00:16.4 Communication controller: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #3 (rev 09) 00:17.0 SATA controller: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 09) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #1 (rev f9) 00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #5 (rev f9) 00:1c.5 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #6 (rev f9) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation C621 Series Chipset LPC/eSPI Controller (rev 09) 00:1f.2 Memory controller: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family Power Management Controller (rev 09) 00:1f.4 SMBus: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family SMBus (rev 09) 00:1f.5 Serial bus controller [0c80]: Intel Corporation C620 Series Chipset Family SPI Controller (rev 09) 02:00.0 PCI bridge: PLDA PCI Express Bridge (rev 02) 03:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Matrox Electronics Systems Ltd. Integrated Matrox G200eW3 Graphics Controller (rev 04) 04:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Inc. and subsidiaries NetXtreme BCM5720 2-port Gigabit Ethernet PCIe 04:00.1 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Inc. and subsidiaries NetXtreme BCM5720 2-port Gigabit Ethernet PCIe 17:02.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCI Express Root Port C (rev 07) 17:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E VT-d (rev 07) 17:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E RAS Configuration Registers (rev 07) 17:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E IOxAPIC Configuration Registers (rev 07) 17:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:08.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:08.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:08.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:08.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:08.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:08.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:08.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:09.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:09.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0e.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0e.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0e.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0e.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0e.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0e.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0e.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0e.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0f.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:0f.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:1d.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:1d.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:1d.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:1d.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 17:1e.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 17:1e.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 17:1e.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 17:1e.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 17:1e.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 17:1e.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 17:1e.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 18:00.0 RAID bus controller: Broadcom / LSI MegaRAID SAS-3 3108 [Invader] (rev 02) 3a:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E VT-d (rev 07) 3a:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E RAS Configuration Registers (rev 07) 3a:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E IOxAPIC Configuration Registers (rev 07) 3a:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:09.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0a.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0a.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0a.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0a.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0a.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0a.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LM Channel 1 (rev 07) 3a:0a.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMS Channel 1 (rev 07) 3a:0a.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMDP Channel 1 (rev 07) 3a:0b.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DECS Channel 2 (rev 07) 3a:0b.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LM Channel 2 (rev 07) 3a:0b.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMS Channel 2 (rev 07) 3a:0b.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMDP Channel 2 (rev 07) 3a:0c.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0c.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0c.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0c.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0c.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) 3a:0c.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LM Channel 1 (rev 07) 3a:0c.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMS Channel 1 (rev 07) 3a:0c.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMDP Channel 1 (rev 07) 3a:0d.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DECS Channel 2 (rev 07) 3a:0d.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LM Channel 2 (rev 07) 3a:0d.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMS Channel 2 (rev 07) 3a:0d.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMDP Channel 2 (rev 07) 5d:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E VT-d (rev 07) 5d:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E RAS Configuration Registers (rev 07) 5d:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E IOxAPIC Configuration Registers (rev 07) 5d:0e.0 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E KTI 0 (rev 07) 5d:0e.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E UPI Registers (rev 07) 5d:0f.0 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E KTI 0 (rev 07) 5d:0f.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E UPI Registers (rev 07) 5d:12.0 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M3KTI Registers (rev 07) 5d:12.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M3KTI Registers (rev 07) 5d:12.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M3KTI Registers (rev 07) 5d:15.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M2PCI Registers (rev 07) 5d:15.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DDRIO Registers (rev 07) 5d:16.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M2PCI Registers (rev 07) 5d:16.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DDRIO Registers (rev 07) 5d:16.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M2PCI Registers (rev 07) 5d:16.5 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DDRIO Registers (rev 07) 80:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E MM/Vt-d Configuration Registers (rev 07) 80:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E RAS (rev 07) 80:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E IOAPIC (rev 07) 80:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Ubox Registers (rev 07) 80:08.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Ubox Registers (rev 07) 80:08.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Ubox Registers (rev 07) 85:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E VT-d (rev 07) 85:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E RAS Configuration Registers (rev 07) 85:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E IOxAPIC Configuration Registers (rev 07) 85:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:08.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:08.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:08.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:08.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:08.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:08.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:08.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:09.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:09.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0e.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0e.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0e.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0e.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0e.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0e.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0e.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0e.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0f.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:0f.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:1d.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:1d.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:1d.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:1d.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E CHA Registers (rev 07) 85:1e.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 85:1e.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 85:1e.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 85:1e.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 85:1e.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 85:1e.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) 85:1e.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 07) ae:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E VT-d (rev 07) ae:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E RAS Configuration Registers (rev 07) ae:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E IOxAPIC Configuration Registers (rev 07) ae:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:09.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0a.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0a.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0a.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0a.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0a.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0a.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LM Channel 1 (rev 07) ae:0a.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMS Channel 1 (rev 07) ae:0a.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMDP Channel 1 (rev 07) ae:0b.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DECS Channel 2 (rev 07) ae:0b.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LM Channel 2 (rev 07) ae:0b.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMS Channel 2 (rev 07) ae:0b.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMDP Channel 2 (rev 07) ae:0c.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0c.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0c.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0c.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0c.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E Integrated Memory Controller (rev 07) ae:0c.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LM Channel 1 (rev 07) ae:0c.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMS Channel 1 (rev 07) ae:0c.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMDP Channel 1 (rev 07) ae:0d.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DECS Channel 2 (rev 07) ae:0d.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LM Channel 2 (rev 07) ae:0d.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMS Channel 2 (rev 07) ae:0d.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E LMDP Channel 2 (rev 07) d7:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E VT-d (rev 07) d7:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E RAS Configuration Registers (rev 07) d7:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E IOxAPIC Configuration Registers (rev 07) d7:0e.0 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E KTI 0 (rev 07) d7:0e.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E UPI Registers (rev 07) d7:0f.0 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E KTI 0 (rev 07) d7:0f.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E UPI Registers (rev 07) d7:12.0 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M3KTI Registers (rev 07) d7:12.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M3KTI Registers (rev 07) d7:12.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M3KTI Registers (rev 07) d7:15.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M2PCI Registers (rev 07) d7:15.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DDRIO Registers (rev 07) d7:16.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M2PCI Registers (rev 07) d7:16.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DDRIO Registers (rev 07) d7:16.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E M2PCI Registers (rev 07) d7:16.5 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E DDRIO Registers (rev 07) ``` 查看更信息的信息 ```shell lspci -v 或者 lspci -vv ``` 如果要查看设备树 ```shell lspci -t ``` ### usb 查看usb信息 ```shell lsusb Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 001 Device 004: ID 1604:10c0 Tascam Dell Integrated Hub Bus 001 Device 003: ID 1604:10c0 Tascam Dell Integrated Hub Bus 001 Device 002: ID 1604:10c0 Tascam Dell Integrated Hub Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub ``` lsusb -t 查看系统中的usb拓扑 ```she lsusb -t /: Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/10p, 5000M /: Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/16p, 480M |__ Port 14: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Hub, Driver=hub/4p, 480M |__ Port 1: Dev 3, If 0, Class=Hub, Driver=hub/4p, 480M |__ Port 4: Dev 4, If 0, Class=Hub, Driver=hub/4p, 480M ``` lsusb -v 查看系统中usb设备的详细信息 ```shell lsusb -v ``` ## 安装新字体 ### 查看已安装的字体 ```shell fc-list ``` ### 下载字体文件 ```shell git clone https://gitee.com/mirrors/nerd-fonts.git --depth 1 ``` ### 导航到 `/usr/share/fonts` 目录 如果没有,就创建一个 ```shell cd /usr/share/fonts #or sudo mkdir /usr/share/fonts ``` ### 复制字体 使用以下命令将下载好的字体文件(ttf、otf 等)复制到新创建的 `fonts` 目录中: ```shell sudo cp -r ~/nerd-fonts/patched-fonts/Hack /usr/share/fonts ``` ### 更新字体缓存 ```shell sudo fc-cache -f -v ``` ### 为特定用户安装字体 #### 导航到`.fonts`目录 如果没有,就创建一个 ```shell mkdir ~/.fonts ``` #### 复制字体 使用以下命令将下载好的字体文件(ttf、otf等)复制到新创建的 `.fonts` 目录中: ```shell cp -r ~/nerd-fonts/patched-fonts/Hack ~/.fonts ``` #### 更新字体缓存 为用户特定的字体更新字体缓存: ```shell fc-cache -f -v ``` 字体安装完成后,同样可以通过 `fc-list` 命令验证新字体是否成功安装。 ## Windows Linux子系统 ### WSL2 打开 Windows Terminal PowerShell #### 安装 进入控制面板中的 程序和功能 页面 用组合键 Win + R 启动运行窗口 `appwiz.cpl` 回车 启用或关闭 Windows 功能,勾选适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统 ![image-20250728082044688](https://rustfs.wenyongdalucky.club:443/hexo/image-20250728082044688.png) 也可解决安装发行版时的报错问题 由于未安装所需的特性,无法启动操作。 错误代码: Wsl/InstallDistro/Service/RegisterDistro/CreateVm/HCS/HCS_E_SERVICE_NOT_AVAILABLE ```powershell wsl --install ``` 微软官方文档 [安装 WSL | Microsoft Docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows/wsl/install) 默认安装Ubuntu 20.04 LTS版 更改默认安装的Linux发行版 ```powershell wsl --install -d ``` /mnt目录下是Windows系统的挂载盘,可直接访问Windows磁盘文件 #### 迁移 ```powershell wsl --manage Ubuntu-24.04 --move d:\ubuntu ``` #### 导出 **查看当前 WSL 分发版** ```powershell wsl -l ``` 输出示例: ```powershell 适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统分发: archlinux (默认值) ``` **停止运行中的 WSL** ```powershell wsl --terminate archlinux ``` **导出镜像** 使用 *wsl --export* 命令将分发版导出为 *.tar* 文件: ```powershell wsl --export archlinux E:\Backup\archlinux.tar ``` #### 导入 #### 通过FinalShell连接WSL2 ##### 方式1 1. 需要先删除ssh,再安装ssh ```shell apt-get remove --purge openssh-server #先删ssh apt-get install openssh-server #再安装ssh rm /etc/ssh/ssh_config service ssh --full-restart #重启ssh服务 ``` 2. 修改配置文件 ```shell vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config Port 6666 # 指定连接端口 6666 ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 # 指定连接的IP PasswordAuthentication yes # 开启密码认证 PermitRootLogin yes # 开启root用户登录 ``` 3. 重启ssh(每次重启wsl都要执行该语句) ```shell service ssh --full-restart ``` 4. 重新生成host key ```shell dpkg-reconfigure openssh-serve ``` FinalShell就可以连接WSL2了 ##### 方式2 (1)查看wsl的地址 - 安装`ifconfig`工具 ``` apt install net-tools ``` - 查看IP地址,红框位置为wsl地址 ``` ifconfig ``` ![image-20250310130413226](https://markdownhexo.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20250310130413226.png) (2)将端口转发到wsl,在Power Shell下执行命令,将[IP]和[PORT] 替换为wsl的IP(对应图片中红框标注的)和端口(对应sshd中设置)。 ``` netsh interface portproxy add v4tov4 listenaddress=0.0.0.0 listenport=2222 connectaddress=[IP] connectport=[PORT] ``` #### 启用systemctl 进入当前发行版 编辑 /etc/wsl.conf ```shell vim /etc/wsl.conf # 内容如下 [boot] systemd=true ``` 重启WSL ```powershell wsl --shutdown ``` #### 取消密码复杂度及长度限制 ```shel vim /etc/pam.d/system-auth password requisite pam_pwquality.so try_first_pass local_users_only retry=3 authtok_type= ​​minlen=6 ucredit=1 lcredit=1 ocredit=1 dcredit=1​​ ``` 如下图: ![image-20250310125937362](https://markdownhexo.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20250310125937362.png) #### WSL玄学bug之SSH连接找不到nvidia-smi 本地正常,但是通过SSH连接WSL,执行nvidia-smi找不到 ##### 解决方式 在.bashrc中加入 ```shell export PATH=/usr/lib/wsl/lib:$PATH ``` > 参考:[https://github.com/microsoft/WSL/issues/8794](https://github.com/microsoft/WSL/issues/8794) ## 安装 7zip ```shell # 更新系统数据库 sudo dnf update -y # 启用 Epel repository sudo dnf install epel-release # 安装 7-Zip sudo dnf install p7zip p7zip-plugins # 检验是否安装上 7z # 使用 # 创建压缩文件 命令中的选项a用于压缩 7z a data.7z data.txt # 显示每个存档文件的详细信息列表 7z l data.7z # 解压缩 # 注意 -o 用来指定解压缩文件存放目录,-o 后是没有空格的,直接接目录 7z x data.7z -r -o./data ``` ## 安装 Nginx ```shell tar -zxvf nginx-1.21.4.tar.gz cd nginx-1.21.4/ ./configure make make install ``` AlmaLinux 下安装 ```shell # 确保软件是最新的 sudo dnf clean all sudo dnf update sudo dnf groupinstall "Development Tools" # 安装 sudo dnf install nginx sudo systemctl restart nginx sudo systemctl status nginx sudo systemctl enable nginx sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https sudo firewall-cmd --reload ``` - `/etc/nginx`: 包含所有 Nginx 配置文件的主目录。 - `/etc/nginx/nginx.conf`: 主要的 Nginx 配置文件。 - `/etc/nginx/sites-available`:定义各个网站的目录。请记住,Nginx 不会使用在此目录中找到的配置文件,除非它们链接到该目录。`/etc/nginx/sites-enabled` - `/etc/nginx/sites-enabled`: Nginx 积极服务的网站列表。 - `/var/log/nginx`: Nginx日志目录 ## 安装 Redis ### dnf 方式 在安装Redis之前,运行下面的命令来重建软件包缓存并获得最新版本的软件包信息。 ```shell sudo dnf makecache ``` 现在,运行下面的dnf命令来安装Redis。在提示时输入y,然后按ENTER键继续。 ```shell sudo dnf install redis ``` Redis安装完毕后,运行下面的systemctl命令,启动并启用Redis服务。 ```shell sudo systemctl start redis sudo systemctl enable redis ``` 最后,使用下面的命令验证Redis的服务状态。 ```shell sudo systemctl is-enabled redis sudo systemctl status redis redis-server ``` 下面的输出确认Redis正在运行并被启用,这意味着它将在系统启动时自动运行。 ### source 方式 ```shell wget https://download.redis.io/releases/redis-6.2.14.tar.gz?_gl=1*5gj06y*_gcl_au*NjUxNzAyNzkwLjE3MjQwNDc0OTc. tar -zxvf redis-6.2.14.tar.gz cd redis-6.2.14.tar.gz # 编译并且安装,默认安装在/usr/local/bin/ make && make install # 编译并且指定安装目录 make && make PREFIX=/test/www/server/redis-6.2.14 install # 测试 make test ``` ### 配置Redis 使用下面的vim编辑器命令打开Redis配置文件"/etc/redis.conf"。 ``` sudo vim /etc/redis.conf ``` ### Redis-CLI ```shell redis-cli auth ``` ## 安装.Net 6 SDK ```shell sudo rpm -Uvh https://packages.microsoft.com/config/centos/7/packages-microsoft-prod.rpm sudo yum install dotnet-sdk-6.0 dotnet --info ``` ## 安装Node.js 从官网下载Node.js安装包 地址:[Download | Node.js (nodejs.org)](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) ![image-20221122084035020](https://markdownhexo.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20221122084035020.png) 上传 ```shell # 解压 tar -xvf node-v18.12.1-linux-x64.tar.xz # 重命名为nodejs mv node-v18.12.1-linux-x64 nodejs # 移动到指定目录 mv nodejs /usr/local # 软链接方式让npm和node命令全局生效 ln -s /usr/local/nodejs/bin/npm /usr/local/bin/ ln -s /usr/local/nodejs/bin/node /usr/local/bin/ # or 加入环境变量 vim /etc/profile # 加入下面行 export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/nodejs/bin # 查看nodejs是否安装成功 node -v npm -v # 如果报错 wget https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.17.tar.gz tar -zxvf glibc-2.17.tar.gz cd glibc-2.17 mkdir build cd build ../configure --prefix=/usr --disable-profile --enable-add-ons --with-headers=/usr/include --with-binutils=/usr/bin #安装 make && make install docker run -itd --name nodejs -v /usr/local/bin/npm:/usr/local/bin/npm n ``` ### AlmaLinux 安装 ```shell dnf update -y dnf install nodejs -y ``` ### 编译好的包安装(Prebuilt Binaries) ```shell tar -xf node-v16.20.2-linux-x64.tar.xz mv node-v16.20.2-linux-x64 /var/lib ln -s /var/lib/node-v16.20.2-linux-x64/bin/node /usr/bin/node ln -s /var/lib/node-v16.20.2-linux-x64/bin/npm /usr/bin/npm ln -s /var/lib/node-v16.20.2-linux-x64/bin/npx /usr/bin/npx ``` ## 安装宝塔面板 ## 安装 Neofetch ```shell dnf install epel-release dnf install neofetch neofetch ``` ## 安装 Fastfetch ```bash dnf update -y wget https://github.com/fastfetch-cli/fastfetch/releases/download/2.49.0/fastfetch-linux-amd64.rpm -O fastfetch.rpm dnf install -y fastfetch.rpm ``` ## 安装 Screenfetch ```shell dnf install git git clone https://github.com/KittyKatt/screenFetch.git cp screenFetch/screenfetch-dev /usr/bin/screenfetch chmod +x /usr/bin/screenfetch screenfetch ``` ## 安装 Edge 和 Chrome ### Edge 更新源 ```shell sudo dnf update -y #sudo dnf install dnf-utils -y ``` 添加Edge源 ```shell sudo dnf config-manager --add-repo https://packages.microsoft.com/yumrepos/edgexxxxxxxxxx2 1sudo dnf confsudo dnf config-manager --add-repo https://packages.microsoft.com/yumrepos/edge2 ``` 再次更新源 ```shell sudo dnf update -y ``` 安装Edge ```shell sudo dnf install microsoft-edge-stable -y ``` ### Chrome 下载chrome安装文件 ```shell wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm ``` 安装chrome ```shell sudo dnf install ./google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm -y ``` ## 安装 Supervisor ### 安装 ```shell sudo dnf update -y sudo dnf install epel-release -y sudo dnf install supervisor -y ``` ### 配置 ```shell sudo vim /etc/supervisord.conf # 开启web服务管理界面 # 修改port中的ip为0.0.0.0,以允许任何ip访问 # 修改用户名密码 # 去掉行首的 ; 以使配置生效 [inet_http_server] ; inet (TCP) server disabled by default port=0.0.0.0:9001 ; (ip_address:port specifier, *:port for all iface) username=user ; (default is no username (open server)) password=123 ; (default is no password (open server)) # 修改包含子配置文件,文件类型为.conf,默认为.ini [include] files = supervisord.d/*.conf ``` ### 常用命令 ```shell # 启动 supervisord sudo systemctl start supervisord # 开机启动 supervisord sudo systemctl enable supervisord # 检查是否开机启动 supervisord sudo systemctl is-enable supervisord # 检查 supervisord 状态 sudo systemctl status supervisord # 更新新的配置到supervisord(不会重启原来已运行的程序) sudo supervisorctl update # 载入所有配置文件,并按新的配置启动、管理所有进程(会重启原来已运行的程序) sudo supervisorctl reload # 启动某个进程 sudo supervisorctl start xxx # 重启某个进程 sudo supervisorctl restart xxx # 停止某个进程(xxx),xxx为[program:theprogramname]里配置的值 sudo supervisorctl stop xxx # 重启所有属于名为groupworker这个分组的进程(start,restart同理) sudo supervisorctl restart groupworker # 停止全部进程 sudo supervisorctl stop all # 查看服务状态 sudo supervisorctl status ``` ### 程序配置 ```conf [program:ckadminnetcore] command=dotnet CK.Admin.WebApi.dll --urls http://[*]:8888 directory=/root/www/ckadminnetcore/publish environment=ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production user=root autostart=true autorestart=true stderr_logfile=/var/log/ckadminnetcore/err.log stdout_logfile=/var/log/ckadminnetcore/out.log stopasgroup=true ``` ## 安装 FastGithub ```shell wget https://gitee.com/chcrazy/FastGithub/releases/download/2.1.4/fastgithub_linux-x64.zip dnf install -y libicu # 配置系统代理 # 配置系统环境变量 vim /etc/profile # 尾行加上 export http_proxy="http://127.0.0.1:38457" export https_proxy="http://127.0.0.1:38457" # 生效 source /etc/profile unzip fastgithub_linux-x64.zip cd fastgithub_linux-x64 ./fastgithub ``` ## 安装 ohmyzsh ### 安装zsh ```shell dnf install -y zsh ``` ### 脚本安装 | **Method** | **Command** | | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | **curl** | `sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://install.ohmyz.sh/)"` | | **wget** | `sh -c "$(wget -O- https://install.ohmyz.sh/)"` | | **fetch** | `sh -c "$(fetch -o - https://install.ohmyz.sh/)"` | | 国内curl[镜像](https://gitee.com/pocmon/ohmyzsh) | `sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://gitee.com/pocmon/ohmyzsh/raw/master/tools/install.sh)"` | | 国内wget[镜像](https://gitee.com/pocmon/ohmyzsh) | `sh -c "$(wget -O- https://gitee.com/pocmon/ohmyzsh/raw/master/tools/install.sh)"` | 注意:同意使用 Oh-my-zsh 的配置模板覆盖已有的 `.zshrc`。 ![image-20250417105106956](http://minio.wenyongdalucky.club:9000/hexo/image-20250417105106956.png) ### 从`.bashrc`中迁移配置(可选) 如果之前在使用`bash`时自定义了一些环境变量、别名等,那么在切换到`zsh`后,你需要手动迁移这些自定义配置。 ```shell # 查看bash配置文件,并手动复制自定义配置 cat ~/.bashrc # 编辑zsh配置文件,并粘贴自定义配置 vim ~/.zshrc # 启动新的zsh配置 source ~/.zshrc ``` `root`用户在执行`sudo su`命令后,再运行上述代码查看、手动复制、粘贴自定义配置。 ### 配置 ```shell vim ~/.zshrc # 修改主题 # ZSH_THEME='robbyrussell' ZSH_THEME='agnoster' source ~/.zshrc ``` ### 切换为默认shell ```shell dnf install util-linux-user -y chsh -s /bin/zsh #查看默认Shell echo $SHELL ``` ### 主题 #### Powerlevel10K 根据 [What’s the best theme for Oh My Zsh?](https://www.slant.co/topics/7553/~theme-for-oh-my-zsh) 中的排名,以及自定义化、美观程度,强烈建议使用 [powerlevel10k](https://github.com/romkatv/powerlevel10k) 主题。 ```shell git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/romkatv/powerlevel10k.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-$HOME/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/themes/powerlevel10k # 中国用户可以使用 gitee.com 上的官方镜像加速下载 git clone --depth=1 https://gitee.com/romkatv/powerlevel10k.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-$HOME/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/themes/powerlevel10k ``` 在 `~/.zshrc` 设置 `ZSH_THEME="powerlevel10k/powerlevel10k"`。接下来,终端会自动引导你配置 `powerlevel10k`,若已配置可输入`p10k configure`重新进行配置引导。 若是安装的AlmaLinux minimal系统,需先通过`dnf`安装 `"Development Tools"`,再执行`source ~/.zshrc` ```bash dnf groupinstall "Development Tools" -y ``` ### 插件 > `oh-my-zsh` 已经内置了 `git` 插件,内置插件可以在 `~/.oh-my-zsh/plugins` 中查看,下面介绍一下我常用的插件,更多插件可以在 [awesome-zsh-plugins](https://github.com/unixorn/awesome-zsh-plugins) 里查看。 #### zsh -autosuggestions [zsh-autosuggestions](https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions) 是一个命令提示插件,当你输入命令时,会自动推测你可能需要输入的命令,按下右键可以快速采用建议。 ![zsh-autosuggestions自动补全](https://cdn.haoyep.com/gh/leegical/Blog_img/cdnimg/202401012250028.png) 安装方式:把插件下载到本地的 `~/.oh-my-zsh/custom/plugins` 目录。 ```shell git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions # 中国用户可以使用下面任意一个加速下载 # 加速1 git clone https://github.moeyy.xyz/https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions # 加速2 git clone https://gh.xmly.dev/https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions # 加速3 git clone https://gh.api.99988866.xyz/https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions ``` #### zsh-syntax-highlighting [zsh-syntax-highlighting](https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting) 是一个命令语法校验插件,在输入命令的过程中,若指令不合法,则指令显示为红色,若指令合法就会显示为绿色。 ![命令语法校验](https://cdn.haoyep.com/gh/leegical/Blog_img/cdnimg/202401012252786.png) 安装方式:把插件下载到本地的 `~/.oh-my-zsh/custom/plugins` 目录。 ```shell git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting # 中国用户可以使用下面任意一个加速下载 # 加速1 git clone https://github.moeyy.xyz/https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting # 加速2 git clone https://gh.xmly.dev/https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting # 加速3 git clone https://gh.api.99988866.xyz/https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting ``` #### z `oh-my-zsh` 内置了 `z` 插件。`z` 是一个文件夹快捷跳转插件,对于曾经跳转过的目录,只需要输入最终目标文件夹名称,就可以快速跳转,避免再输入长串路径,提高切换文件夹的效率。 ![使用z跳转目录](https://cdn.haoyep.com/gh/leegical/Blog_img/cdnimg/202401012254065.png) #### extract `oh-my-zsh` 内置了 `extract` 插件。`extract` 用于解压任何压缩文件,不必根据压缩文件的后缀名来记忆压缩软件。使用 `x` 命令即可解压文件。 ![extract 解压](https://cdn.haoyep.com/gh/leegical/Blog_img/cdnimg/202401012259966.png) #### web-search oh-my-zsh 内置了 `web-search` 插件。`web-search` 能让我们在命令行中使用搜索引擎进行搜索。使用`搜索引擎关键字+搜索内容` 即可自动打开浏览器进行搜索。效果如下: ![web-search搜索](https://cdn.haoyep.com/gh/leegical/Blog_img/cdnimg/202401012302476.png) ### 启用插件 修改`~/.zshrc`中插件列表为: ```shell plugins=(git zsh-autosuggestions zsh-syntax-highlighting z extract web-search) ``` 开启新的 Shell 或执行 `source ~/.zshrc`,就可以开始体验插件。 ### 卸载 ```shell uninstall_oh_my_zsh Are you sure you want to remove Oh My Zsh? [y/N] Y ``` ### 手动更新 ```shell upgrade_oh_my_zsh ``` ### 安装Nerd Fonts ```shell unzip nerd-fonts.zip ``` 运行install.sh提示/usr/bin/env: ‘bash\r’: No such file or directory ```shell vim install.sh :set ff # 可以看到fileformat=dos :set ff=unix :set ff # 可以看到fileformat=unix 即保存成功 :wq ``` ## 安装 ElasticSearch ```shell cd /etc/yum.repos.d vim elasticsearch.repo [elasticsearch] name=Elasticsearch repository for 8.x packages baseurl=https://artifacts.elastic.co/packages/8.x/yum gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://artifacts.elastic.co/GPG-KEY-elasticsearch enabled=0 autorefresh=1 type=rpm-md dnf install --enablerepo=elasticsearch elasticsearch -y ``` ## 安装 Rsync ```shell dnf install rsync -y ``` ### 配置 ```shell vim /etc/rsyncd.conf # /etc/rsyncd: configuration file for rsync daemon mode # See rsyncd.conf man page for more options. # configuration example: uid = root gid = root ignore errors hosts allow = 10.0.3.0/24 secrets file = /etc/rsyncd.secrets # use chroot = yes # max connections = 4 # pid file = /var/run/rsyncd.pid # exclude = lost+found/ # transfer logging = yes # timeout = 900 # ignore nonreadable = yes # dont compress = *.gz *.tgz *.zip *.z *.Z *.rpm *.deb *.bz2 # [ftp] # path = /home/ftp # comment = ftp export area # 同步模块名称 [syncwspswwwroot] # 服务器同步的路径 path = /root/wwwroot log file = /var/log/rsync.log # 只读模式 不允许客户端向同步路径进行同步上传文件 read only = yes [mysql_bakup] path = /root/mysql_bakup read only = yes ``` ### 命令 ## 安装 Jenkins 安装 Java Jenkins 需要 Java JRE v11 或 v17。 因此,使用以下命令安装 Java: ```shell sudo dnf install java-17-openjdk ``` 验证 Java 版本: ```shell java -version ``` 现在我们将 Jenkins 存储库添加到您的 AlmaLinux/Rocky Linux。 首先,添加创建存储库: ```shell wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/jenkins.repo https://pkg.jenkins.io/redhat-stable/jenkins.repo ``` 接下来,将 Jenkins 密钥导入系统: ```shell rpm --import https://pkg.jenkins.io/redhat-stable/jenkins.io-2023.key ``` 然后,使用以下命令安装 Jenkins: ```shell sudo dnf makecache sudo dnf install fontconfig sudo dnf install jenkins ``` 安装完成后,通过执行以下命令启动并验证 Jenkins 的状态: ```shell sudo systemctl start jenkins sudo systemctl status jenkins ``` ```shell [MIRROR] jenkins-2.440.1-1.1.noarch.rpm: Curl error (60): SSL peer certificate or SSH remote key was not OK for https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/jenkins/redhat-stable/jenkins-2.440.1-1.1.noarch.rpm [SSL certificate problem: certificate is not yet valid] ``` ### 修改端口 ```shell # 进入目录 cd /usr/lib/systemd/system vim jenkins.service # 或者 vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/jenkins.service # 修改为想要的端口 Environment="JENKINS_PORT=8889" # 重新加载配置文件 systemctl daemon-reload ``` ### 修改用户及用户组 ```shell # 进入目录 cd /usr/lib/systemd/system vim jenkins.service # 或者 vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/jenkins.service # 修改为root User=root Group=root # 重新加载配置文件 systemctl daemon-reload ``` ### 解决Jenkins部分汉化、汉化不全有效办法 ```shell # 进入目录 cd /usr/lib/systemd/system vim jenkins.service # 或者 vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/jenkins.service # 添加 -Duser.language=C.UTF-8 Environment="JAVA_OPTS=-Djava.awt.headless=true -Duser.language=C.UTF-8" # 重新加载配置文件 systemctl daemon-reload ``` ## 安装 Certbot **Certbot** 是由 **Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)** 提供的一个开源命令行工具,用于自动化从 Let’s Encrypt 获取和管理 SSL 证书。Certbot 会自动为你处理证书申请、安装和续期等过程。,用于自动化整个 SSL 证书的管理流程。它可以做以下几件事: - **申请证书**:使用 ACME 协议从 Let’s Encrypt 获取证书。 - **验证域名所有权**:通过 HTTP-01 或 DNS-01 验证确保你拥有该域名。 - **安装证书**:将证书自动安装到你的 Web 服务器,并配置相关的加密参数。 - **续期证书**:定期自动续期证书,避免证书过期。 Certbot 的核心工作是通过 **ACME 协议**(自动证书管理环境)与 Let’s Encrypt 通信。ACME 是一套标准协议,用于自动化证书申请、验证和安装的过程。Certbot 使用 ACME 协议与 Let’s Encrypt 进行通信,确保你的网站能够通过安全的 HTTPS 连接。 推荐使用 Linux 的 snap 包管理工具安装Certbot 首先需要安装 snap 包管理工具 > [Installing snap on Rocky Linux | Snapcraft documentation参考官网](https://snapcraft.io/docs/installing-snap-on-rocky) ### AlmaLinux 安装 snapd AlmaLinux OS的快照包可以在Enterprise Linux Extra Packages(EPEL)存储库中找到。使用以下命令将EPEL存储库添加到AlmaLinux OS系统: ```shell dnf install epel-release dnf upgrade ``` 将EPEL存储库添加到AlmaLinux OS安装中后,只需安装Snapd包(以root/或sudo身份): ```shell dnf install snapd ``` 安装后,需要启用管理主快照通信插座的systemd单元: ```shell systemctl enable --now snapd.socket ``` 要启用经典snap支持,请输入以下内容以在`/var/lib/snapd/snap`和`/snap`之间创建符号链接: ```shell ln -s /var/lib/snapd/snap /snap ``` 退出并再次重新登录或重新启动系统以确保快照的路径正确更新。 Snap现已安装完毕,即可运行! 支持snap后可以使用如下命令安装Certbot ```shell snap install --classic certbot ``` 创建一个符号链接,确保可以执行certbot命令(相当于快捷方式) ```shell ln -s /snap/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot ``` ### 范